Laporan Akhir Praktikum uP&uC M3

Nama : Nanda Zahril Pisya
Nim  :            2310953030


LAPORAN AKHIR

PERCOBAAN 3

 1. Prosedur [kembali]

  1. Wiring Rangkaian Hardware Sesuai Percobaan 3 dengan menggunakan Protokol Komunikasi UART.
  2. Jika Sudah Sesuai. Buka STM32CubeIDE New Project untuk STMNucleoG474RE.
  3. dan Inisiasi Connectivity Konfigurasi Sesuai Modul pada STMNucleoG474RE
  4. Buka Juga NewProject Untuk STM32BluePill 
  5. dan Inisiasi Connectivity Konfigurasi Sesuai Modul pada STM32Bluepill.
  6. Perhatikan hasil Output dari Rangkaian dan Program!

 2. Hardware[kembali]

1. STM32G474RE

Microcontroller

STM32G474RE (ARM Cortex-M4F)

Operating Voltage

3.3 V

Input Voltage (recommended)

5 V via USB (ST-LINK) atau 7–12 V via VIN

Input Voltage (limit)

4.5 – 15 V (VIN board Nucleo)

Digital I/O Pins

±51 GPIO pins (tergantung konfigurasi fungsi)

PWM Digital I/O Pins

Hingga 24 channel PWM (advanced, general-purpose, dan high-resolution timers)

Analog Input Pins

Hingga 24 channel ADC (12-bit / 16-bit dengan oversampling)

DC Current per I/O Pin

Maks. 20 mA per pin (disarankan ≤ 8 mA)

DC Current for 3.3V Pin

Hingga ±500 mA (tergantung regulator & sumber daya)

Flash Memory

512 KB internal Flash

SRAM

128 KB SRAM (termasuk CCM RAM)

Clock Speed

Hingga 170 MHz

    2. STM32F103C8

Microcontroller

ARM Cortex-M3

Operating Voltage

3.3 V

Input Voltage (recommended)

5 V

Input Voltage (limit)

2 – 3.6 V

Digital I/O Pins

32

PWM Digital I/O Pins

15

Analog Input Pins

10 (dengan resolusi 12-bit ADC)

DC Current per I/O Pin

25 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin

150 mA

Flash Memory

64 KB

SRAM

20 KB

EEPROM

Emulasi dalam Flash

Clock Speed

72 MHz


    3. PIR Sensor





   

Parameter TeknisSpesifikasi / Nilai
Tegangan Operasi (VCC)4.5V hingga 20V DC (Disarankan menggunakan 5V)
Konsumsi Arus (Standby)Sangat rendah (< 50 µA)
Sinyal OutputDigital (HIGH = 3.3V, LOW = 0V)
Jarak Deteksi Maksimal3 meter hingga 7 meter (Dapat diatur)
Sudut Deteksi (Viewing Angle)< 110° (Berbentuk kerucut / cone)
Waktu Tunda (Delay Time)0.3 detik hingga ~5 menit (Dapat diatur)
Waktu Blokade (Blockade Time)~2.5 detik (Waktu sensor "buta" setelah sinyal LOW)
Suhu Operasi-15°C hingga +70°C
Dimensi Modul~32 mm x 24 mm
LensaLensa Fresnel (Kubah putih bertekstur)

    4. LED

Parameter TeknisSpesifikasi / Nilai
Arus Operasi Normal ($I_f$)10 mA – 20 mA (Sangat disarankan beroperasi di ~15mA)
Arus Puncak Maksimal~30 mA (Lebih dari ini LED bisa terbakar/putus)
Tegangan Maju ($V_f$) - Merah / Kuning1.8V – 2.2V DC
Tegangan Maju ($V_f$) - Hijau / Biru / Putih3.0V – 3.4V DC
Tegangan Balik Maksimum ($V_r$)~5V DC (Batas aman jika polaritas terbalik)
Sudut Pandang Cahaya (Viewing Angle)

15° hingga 30° (Tipe clear/transparent)


~60° (Tipe diffused/doff)

Identifikasi Polaritas (Kaki)Kaki panjang = Anoda (+), Kaki pendek / sisi rata = Katoda (-)


    5. Resistor



Diagram Blok  :





 3. Rangkaian Simulasi dan Prinsip Kerja [kembali]





Prinsip Kerja: 

Proses pengiriman pesan ini dilakukan melalui protokol komunikasi UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) yang bersifat asinkron, di mana komunikasi tidak bergantung pada sinyal clock eksternal melainkan pada kesepakatan kecepatan transmisi atau baud rate yang sama di kedua perangkat. Data dikirimkan dalam format paket yang diawali dengan start bit untuk sinkronisasi, diikuti oleh data frame yang berisi pesan spesifik (seperti karakter '1' untuk indikasi gerakan), dan diakhiri dengan stop bit.

 koneksi ini menggunakan prinsip cross-connection di mana pin TX (Transmit) dari STM32 Nucleo dihubungkan ke pin RX (Receive) pada STM32 Blue Pill menggunakan kabel berwarna kuning dan hijau. Selain jalur data, kedua papan mikrokontroler ini harus dihubungkan ke jalur Ground yang sama melalui kabel hitam untuk memastikan referensi tegangan yang stabil sehingga sinyal digital dapat dibaca dengan akurat tanpa gangguan noise.

Setelah data serial sampai di STM32 Blue Pill, mikrokontroler tersebut bertindak sebagai penerima yang bertugas memeriksa isi pesan yang masuk melalui pin RX. Jika perangkat mendeteksi bahwa data yang diterima sesuai dengan instruksi "Gerakan Terdeteksi", maka program di dalamnya akan mengaktifkan pin output digital yang terhubung ke LED. Tegangan yang dikirimkan ke pin tersebut akan mengalir melewati resistor pembatas arus dan menyalakan LED, yang berfungsi sebagai indikator visual akhir

 4. Flowchart dan Listing Program [kembali]
Flowchart :





Listing Program Main.c (Nucleo):
/* USER CODE BEGIN Header */
/**
  ******************************************************************************
  * @file           : main.c
  * @brief          : Main program body
  ******************************************************************************
  * @attention
  *
  * Copyright (c) 2026 STMicroelectronics.
  * All rights reserved.
  *
  * This software is licensed under terms that can be found in the LICENSE file
  * in the root directory of this software component.
  * If no LICENSE file comes with this software, it is provided AS-IS.
  *
  ******************************************************************************
  */
/* USER CODE END Header */
/* Includes ------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#include "main.h"

/* Private includes ----------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN Includes */

/* USER CODE END Includes */

/* Private typedef -----------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PTD */

/* USER CODE END PTD */

/* Private define ------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PD */

/* USER CODE END PD */

/* Private macro -------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PM */

/* USER CODE END PM */

/* Private variables ---------------------------------------------------------*/

COM_InitTypeDef BspCOMInit;
UART_HandleTypeDef huart1;

/* USER CODE BEGIN PV */
uint8_t pir_state;
uint8_t data;


/* USER CODE END PV */

/* Private function prototypes -----------------------------------------------*/
void SystemClock_Config(void);
static void MX_GPIO_Init(void);
static void MX_USART1_UART_Init(void);
/* USER CODE BEGIN PFP */

/* USER CODE END PFP */

/* Private user code ---------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN 0 */

/* USER CODE END 0 */

/**
  * @brief  The application entry point.
  * @retval int
  */
int main(void)
{

  /* USER CODE BEGIN 1 */

  /* USER CODE END 1 */

  /* MCU Configuration--------------------------------------------------------*/

  /* Reset of all peripherals, Initializes the Flash interface and the Systick. */
  HAL_Init();

  /* USER CODE BEGIN Init */

  /* USER CODE END Init */

  /* Configure the system clock */
  SystemClock_Config();

  /* USER CODE BEGIN SysInit */

  /* USER CODE END SysInit */

  /* Initialize all configured peripherals */
  MX_GPIO_Init();
  MX_USART1_UART_Init();
  /* USER CODE BEGIN 2 */

  /* USER CODE END 2 */

  /* Initialize led */
  BSP_LED_Init(LED_GREEN);

  /* Initialize USER push-button, will be used to trigger an interrupt each time it's pressed.*/
  BSP_PB_Init(BUTTON_USER, BUTTON_MODE_EXTI);

  /* Initialize COM1 port (115200, 8 bits (7-bit data + 1 stop bit), no parity */
  BspCOMInit.BaudRate   = 115200;
  BspCOMInit.WordLength = COM_WORDLENGTH_8B;
  BspCOMInit.StopBits   = COM_STOPBITS_1;
  BspCOMInit.Parity     = COM_PARITY_NONE;
  BspCOMInit.HwFlowCtl  = COM_HWCONTROL_NONE;
  if (BSP_COM_Init(COM1, &BspCOMInit) != BSP_ERROR_NONE)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }

  /* Infinite loop */
  /* USER CODE BEGIN WHILE */
  while (1)
  {
      pir_state = HAL_GPIO_ReadPin(GPIOA, GPIO_PIN_0);

      if (pir_state == GPIO_PIN_SET)
          data = '1';
      else
          data = '0';

      HAL_UART_Transmit(&huart1, &data, 1, 100);
      HAL_Delay(500);
  }


}

/**
  * @brief System Clock Configuration
  * @retval None
  */
void SystemClock_Config(void)
{
  RCC_OscInitTypeDef RCC_OscInitStruct = {0};
  RCC_ClkInitTypeDef RCC_ClkInitStruct = {0};

  /** Configure the main internal regulator output voltage
  */
  HAL_PWREx_ControlVoltageScaling(PWR_REGULATOR_VOLTAGE_SCALE1_BOOST);

  /** Initializes the RCC Oscillators according to the specified parameters
  * in the RCC_OscInitTypeDef structure.
  */
  RCC_OscInitStruct.OscillatorType = RCC_OSCILLATORTYPE_HSI;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.HSIState = RCC_HSI_ON;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.HSICalibrationValue = RCC_HSICALIBRATION_DEFAULT;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLState = RCC_PLL_ON;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLSource = RCC_PLLSOURCE_HSI;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLM = RCC_PLLM_DIV4;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLN = 85;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLP = RCC_PLLP_DIV2;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLQ = RCC_PLLQ_DIV2;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLR = RCC_PLLR_DIV2;
  if (HAL_RCC_OscConfig(&RCC_OscInitStruct) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }

  /** Initializes the CPU, AHB and APB buses clocks
  */
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.ClockType = RCC_CLOCKTYPE_HCLK|RCC_CLOCKTYPE_SYSCLK
                              |RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK1|RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK2;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.SYSCLKSource = RCC_SYSCLKSOURCE_PLLCLK;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.AHBCLKDivider = RCC_SYSCLK_DIV1;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.APB1CLKDivider = RCC_HCLK_DIV1;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.APB2CLKDivider = RCC_HCLK_DIV1;

  if (HAL_RCC_ClockConfig(&RCC_ClkInitStruct, FLASH_LATENCY_4) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }
}

/**
  * @brief USART1 Initialization Function
  * @param None
  * @retval None
  */
static void MX_USART1_UART_Init(void)
{

  /* USER CODE BEGIN USART1_Init 0 */

  /* USER CODE END USART1_Init 0 */

  /* USER CODE BEGIN USART1_Init 1 */

  /* USER CODE END USART1_Init 1 */
  huart1.Instance = USART1;
  huart1.Init.BaudRate = 9600;
  huart1.Init.WordLength = UART_WORDLENGTH_8B;
  huart1.Init.StopBits = UART_STOPBITS_1;
  huart1.Init.Parity = UART_PARITY_NONE;
  huart1.Init.Mode = UART_MODE_TX_RX;
  huart1.Init.HwFlowCtl = UART_HWCONTROL_NONE;
  huart1.Init.OverSampling = UART_OVERSAMPLING_16;
  huart1.Init.OneBitSampling = UART_ONE_BIT_SAMPLE_DISABLE;
  huart1.Init.ClockPrescaler = UART_PRESCALER_DIV1;
  huart1.AdvancedInit.AdvFeatureInit = UART_ADVFEATURE_NO_INIT;
  if (HAL_UART_Init(&huart1) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }
  if (HAL_UARTEx_SetTxFifoThreshold(&huart1, UART_TXFIFO_THRESHOLD_1_8) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }
  if (HAL_UARTEx_SetRxFifoThreshold(&huart1, UART_RXFIFO_THRESHOLD_1_8) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }
  if (HAL_UARTEx_DisableFifoMode(&huart1) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }
  /* USER CODE BEGIN USART1_Init 2 */

  /* USER CODE END USART1_Init 2 */

}

/**
  * @brief GPIO Initialization Function
  * @param None
  * @retval None
  */
static void MX_GPIO_Init(void)
{
  GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIO_InitStruct = {0};
  /* USER CODE BEGIN MX_GPIO_Init_1 */

  /* USER CODE END MX_GPIO_Init_1 */

  /* GPIO Ports Clock Enable */
  __HAL_RCC_GPIOC_CLK_ENABLE();
  __HAL_RCC_GPIOF_CLK_ENABLE();
  __HAL_RCC_GPIOA_CLK_ENABLE();
  __HAL_RCC_GPIOB_CLK_ENABLE();

  /*Configure GPIO pin : PA0 */
  GPIO_InitStruct.Pin = GPIO_PIN_0;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Mode = GPIO_MODE_INPUT;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Pull = GPIO_NOPULL;
  HAL_GPIO_Init(GPIOA, &GPIO_InitStruct);

  /* USER CODE BEGIN MX_GPIO_Init_2 */

  /* USER CODE END MX_GPIO_Init_2 */
}

/* USER CODE BEGIN 4 */

/* USER CODE END 4 */

/**
  * @brief  This function is executed in case of error occurrence.
  * @retval None
  */
void Error_Handler(void)
{
  /* USER CODE BEGIN Error_Handler_Debug */
  /* User can add his own implementation to report the HAL error return state */
  __disable_irq();
  while (1)
  {
  }
  /* USER CODE END Error_Handler_Debug */
}

#ifdef  USE_FULL_ASSERT
/**
  * @brief  Reports the name of the source file and the source line number
  *         where the assert_param error has occurred.
  * @param  file: pointer to the source file name
  * @param  line: assert_param error line source number
  * @retval None
  */
void assert_failed(uint8_t *file, uint32_t line)
{
  /* USER CODE BEGIN 6 */
  /* User can add his own implementation to report the file name and line number,
     ex: printf("Wrong parameters value: file %s on line %d\r\n", file, line) */
  /* USER CODE END 6 */
}
#endif /* USE_FULL_ASSERT */

Listing Program Main.c (Bluepill) 

/* USER CODE BEGIN Header */
/* USER CODE END Header */
/* Includes ------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#include "main.h"

/* Private includes ----------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN Includes */
/* USER CODE END Includes */

/* Private typedef -----------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PTD */
/* USER CODE END PTD */

/* Private define ------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PD */
/* USER CODE END PD */

/* Private macro -------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PM */
/* USER CODE END PM */

/* Private variables ---------------------------------------------------------*/
UART_HandleTypeDef huart1;

/* USER CODE BEGIN PV */
uint8_t rx_data;

/* USER CODE END PV */

/* Private function prototypes -----------------------------------------------*/
void SystemClock_Config(void);
static void MX_GPIO_Init(void);
static void MX_USART1_UART_Init(void);
/* USER CODE BEGIN PFP */
/* USER CODE END PFP */

/* Private user code ---------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN 0 */
/* USER CODE END 0 */

/**
  * @brief  The application entry point.
  * @retval int
  */
int main(void)
{

  /* USER CODE BEGIN 1 */
  /* USER CODE END 1 */

  /* MCU Configuration--------------------------------------------------------*/

  /* Reset of all peripherals, Initializes the Flash interface and the Systick. */
  HAL_Init();

  /* USER CODE BEGIN Init */
  /* USER CODE END Init */

  /* Configure the system clock */
  SystemClock_Config();

  /* USER CODE BEGIN SysInit */
  /* USER CODE END SysInit */

  /* Initialize all configured peripherals */
  MX_GPIO_Init();
  MX_USART1_UART_Init();
  /* USER CODE BEGIN 2 */
  /* USER CODE END 2 */

  /* Infinite loop */
  /* USER CODE BEGIN WHILE */
  while (1)
  {
      // Coba terima data (tidak blocking lama)
      if (HAL_UART_Receive(&huart1, &rx_data, 1, 10) == HAL_OK)
      {
          if (rx_data == '1')
          {
              HAL_GPIO_WritePin(GPIOA, GPIO_PIN_5, GPIO_PIN_SET); // LED ON
          }
          else if (rx_data == '0')
          {
              HAL_GPIO_WritePin(GPIOA, GPIO_PIN_5, GPIO_PIN_RESET); // LED OFF
          }
      }
      else
      {
          // Kalau tidak ada data → LED kedip
          HAL_GPIO_TogglePin(GPIOA, GPIO_PIN_5);
          HAL_Delay(200);
      }
  }
    /* USER CODE END WHILE */

    /* USER CODE BEGIN 3 */
  /* USER CODE END 3 */
}

/**
  * @brief System Clock Configuration
  * @retval None
  */
void SystemClock_Config(void)
{
  RCC_OscInitTypeDef RCC_OscInitStruct = {0};
  RCC_ClkInitTypeDef RCC_ClkInitStruct = {0};

  /** Initializes the RCC Oscillators according to the specified parameters
  * in the RCC_OscInitTypeDef structure.
  */
  RCC_OscInitStruct.OscillatorType = RCC_OSCILLATORTYPE_HSI;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.HSIState = RCC_HSI_ON;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.HSICalibrationValue = RCC_HSICALIBRATION_DEFAULT;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLState = RCC_PLL_NONE;
  if (HAL_RCC_OscConfig(&RCC_OscInitStruct) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }

  /** Initializes the CPU, AHB and APB buses clocks
  */
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.ClockType = RCC_CLOCKTYPE_HCLK|RCC_CLOCKTYPE_SYSCLK
                              |RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK1|RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK2;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.SYSCLKSource = RCC_SYSCLKSOURCE_HSI;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.AHBCLKDivider = RCC_SYSCLK_DIV1;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.APB1CLKDivider = RCC_HCLK_DIV1;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.APB2CLKDivider = RCC_HCLK_DIV1;

  if (HAL_RCC_ClockConfig(&RCC_ClkInitStruct, FLASH_LATENCY_0) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }
}

/**
  * @brief USART1 Initialization Function
  * @param None
  * @retval None
  */
static void MX_USART1_UART_Init(void)
{

  /* USER CODE BEGIN USART1_Init 0 */
  /* USER CODE END USART1_Init 0 */

  /* USER CODE BEGIN USART1_Init 1 */
  /* USER CODE END USART1_Init 1 */
  huart1.Instance = USART1;
  huart1.Init.BaudRate = 9600;
  huart1.Init.WordLength = UART_WORDLENGTH_8B;
  huart1.Init.StopBits = UART_STOPBITS_1;
  huart1.Init.Parity = UART_PARITY_NONE;
  huart1.Init.Mode = UART_MODE_TX_RX;
  huart1.Init.HwFlowCtl = UART_HWCONTROL_NONE;
  huart1.Init.OverSampling = UART_OVERSAMPLING_16;
  if (HAL_UART_Init(&huart1) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }
  /* USER CODE BEGIN USART1_Init 2 */
  /* USER CODE END USART1_Init 2 */

}

/**
  * @brief GPIO Initialization Function
  * @param None
  * @retval None
  */
static void MX_GPIO_Init(void)
{
  GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIO_InitStruct = {0};
  /* USER CODE BEGIN MX_GPIO_Init_1 */
  /* USER CODE END MX_GPIO_Init_1 */

  /* GPIO Ports Clock Enable */
  __HAL_RCC_GPIOA_CLK_ENABLE();

  /*Configure GPIO pin Output Level */
  HAL_GPIO_WritePin(GPIOA, GPIO_PIN_5, GPIO_PIN_RESET);

  /*Configure GPIO pin : PA5 */
  GPIO_InitStruct.Pin = GPIO_PIN_5;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Mode = GPIO_MODE_OUTPUT_PP;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Pull = GPIO_NOPULL;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Speed = GPIO_SPEED_FREQ_LOW;
  HAL_GPIO_Init(GPIOA, &GPIO_InitStruct);

  /* USER CODE BEGIN MX_GPIO_Init_2 */
  /* USER CODE END MX_GPIO_Init_2 */
}

/* USER CODE BEGIN 4 */
/* USER CODE END 4 */

/**
  * @brief  This function is executed in case of error occurrence.
  * @retval None
  */
void Error_Handler(void)
{
  /* USER CODE BEGIN Error_Handler_Debug */
  /* USER CODE END Error_Handler_Debug */
}

#ifdef  USE_FULL_ASSERT
/**
  * @brief  Reports the name of the source file and the source line number
  *         where the assert_param error has occurred.
  * @param  file: pointer to the source file name
  * @param  line: assert_param error line source number
  * @retval None
  */
void assert_failed(uint8_t *file, uint32_t line)
{
  /* USER CODE BEGIN 6 */
  /* USER CODE END 6 */
}
#endif /* USE_FULL_ASSERT */

5. Video Demo [kembali]






 6. Analisa [kembali]






7. Video Simulasi



8. Link Download [kembali]




















Komentar

Posting Komentar

Postingan populer dari blog ini

UTS

[menuju akhir] [KEMBALI KE MENU SEBELUMNYA] DAFTAR ISI 1. Soal UTS 2. Soal UTS 3. Soal UTS 6. Download file   1. Soal UTS  [kembali] Rancanglah suatu rangkaian aplikasi sederhana (revisi tugas besar kelompok anda- dengan   sensor berbeda >=2 dari teman sekelompok anda ) yang terdiri dari 5 atau lebih input sensor dan output ( seperti motor, heater, fan, lampu dll) dikendalikan oleh 1 atau lebih sensor,   dengan melibatkan kontrol yang memakai transistor dan op amp Jawaban :  Disini 2. Soal UTS  [kembali] Rancanglah suatu rangkaian pembangkit sinyal gigi gergaji dengan Vp-p = 2,5 volt dengan frekuensi 15 KHz Jawaban :   Download  Disini 3. Soal UTS  [kembali] Rancanglah Suatu rangkaian HPF +60 dB/dec Jawaban : Download  Disini   [menuju awal]  
Baca selengkapnya
Gambar
  BAHAN PRESENTASI UNTUK MATA KULIAH ELEKTRONIKA 2023 OLEH: Nama : Fauzan Nadzir Mubin NIM : 2310953006 Dosen Pengampu :  Darwison, M.T Referensi:  1. Darwison, 2010, ”TEORI, SIMULASI DAN APLIKASI ELEKTRONIKA ”, Jilid 1, ISBN: 978- 602-9081-10-7, CFerila, Padang  2. Darwison, 2010, ”TEORI, SIMULASI DAN APLIKASI ELEKTRONIKA ”, Jilid 1, ISBN: 978-   602-9081-10-7, CV Ferila, Padang 3 . Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, Pearson, 2013  4 . Jimmie J. Cathey, Theory and Problems of Electronic Device and Circuit, McGraw Hill, 2002.  5 . Keith Brindley, Starting Electronics, Newness 3rd Edition, 2005  6 . Ian R. Sinclair and John Dunton, Practical Electronics Handbook, Newness, 2007.  7. John M. Hughes, Practical Electronics: Components and Techniques, O’Reilly Media, 2015.    
Baca selengkapnya